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Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2016)
jhehp 2016, 1(2): 80-86 |
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Chamandoost S, Fateh Moradi M, Hosseini M. A Review of Nitrate and Nitrite Toxicity in Foods. jhehp 2016; 1 (2) :80-86
URL: http://jhehp.zums.ac.ir/article-1-21-en.html
URL: http://jhehp.zums.ac.ir/article-1-21-en.html
1- Department of Health and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
2- Veterinary Organization of Zanjan, Iran.
3- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
2- Veterinary Organization of Zanjan, Iran.
3- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
Abstract: (13380 Views)
Agricultural advancement and population growth have prompted increases in food supplies, and higher crop yields have been made possible through the application of fertilizers. Large quantities of livestock and poultry on farms, along with the accumulation of biomass and agricultural residues, can cause contamination of ground water resources and other water sanitation concerns in both developing and developed countries. Nitrate is mainly used as a fertilizer in agriculture, and because of its high solubility in water, it can create biological problems in the environment. High usage of nitrite in the food industry as a preservative, flavor enhancer, antioxidant, and color stabilizing agent can cause human exposure to this toxic compound. Nitrite is 10 times as toxic as nitrate in humans. Nitrate is converted to nitrite and nitrosamine compounds in the human stomach, which can lead to bladder cancer. In this review, sources of nitrate and nitrite exposure were investigated. Furthermore, the review evaluates standard levels of nitrate and nitrite in different foods, and acceptable daily doses of these compounds in various countries. Finally, we discuss valid methods of nitrate and nitrite identification and removal in foods.
Type of Study: Review Article |
Subject:
Food Safety and Hygiene
Received: 2015/09/16 | Accepted: 2015/11/17 | Published: 2016/01/28
Received: 2015/09/16 | Accepted: 2015/11/17 | Published: 2016/01/28
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