Mon, May 26, 2025
[Archive]
.png)
Volume 7, Issue 4 (12-2021)
jhehp 2021, 7(4): 197-204 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Kazemitabar S M, Amirneghad R, Rahnavard A, Fahimi F G. Evaluation of Microbial Status of Coastal recreational Waters in the Caspian Sea – A Case Study Mazandaran Province. jhehp 2021; 7 (4) :197-204
URL: http://jhehp.zums.ac.ir/article-1-450-en.html
URL: http://jhehp.zums.ac.ir/article-1-450-en.html
1- Student in Environmental Pollution, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran.
2- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Environmental Pollution ,Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
3- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Environmental Pollution, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
4- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Environmental Pollution, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
2- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Environmental Pollution ,Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
3- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Environmental Pollution, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
4- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Environmental Pollution, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
Abstract: (4528 Views)
Background: Mazandaran province, with the largest coastline of the Caspian Sea in the country, draws a large number of travelers and tourists every year. This study aimed to determine and interpret the microbial health quality of its coastal waters.
Methods: 19 swimming points in Sari, Miandorud, Juybar, and Babolsar counties were weekly sampled for six months. Microbial testing for collected samples was performed using the MPN method and membrane filter based on EPA method 1600. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive, normality, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD tests were also conducted.
Results: The mean of enterococcus in all the stations was standard; however, fecal coliform in P4, P1, and P0 of Babolsar was high. Normality tests of geometric mean indices, normal distribution, and results of one-way analysis of variance between stations and sampling time showed a significant difference at the level of P < 0.05. The highest contamination was observed at P4, P1, P0, Edalat 4, and Farahabad.
Conclusion: Due to the presence of microbial contamination in some areas, determining fecal coliform indicator in addition to enterococci is necessary to accurately estimate the status of microbial contamination of coastal waters in the region.
Methods: 19 swimming points in Sari, Miandorud, Juybar, and Babolsar counties were weekly sampled for six months. Microbial testing for collected samples was performed using the MPN method and membrane filter based on EPA method 1600. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive, normality, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD tests were also conducted.
Results: The mean of enterococcus in all the stations was standard; however, fecal coliform in P4, P1, and P0 of Babolsar was high. Normality tests of geometric mean indices, normal distribution, and results of one-way analysis of variance between stations and sampling time showed a significant difference at the level of P < 0.05. The highest contamination was observed at P4, P1, P0, Edalat 4, and Farahabad.
Conclusion: Due to the presence of microbial contamination in some areas, determining fecal coliform indicator in addition to enterococci is necessary to accurately estimate the status of microbial contamination of coastal waters in the region.
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
Environmental Health, Sciences, and Engineering
Received: 2021/10/3 | Accepted: 2021/11/30 | Published: 2021/12/30
Received: 2021/10/3 | Accepted: 2021/11/30 | Published: 2021/12/30
References
1. Stewart JR, Gast RJ, Fujioka RS, Solo Gabriele HM, Meschke JS. The Coastal Environment and Human Health: Microbial Indicators, Pathogens, Sentinels and Reservoirs. Environ Health. 2008; 7(2): 1-4. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
2. Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Marine Environmental Policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive). In: Official J Eur :union: L. 2008; 164: 19-40. [Article]
3. Rodrigues C, Cunha A. Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Recreational Waters: Indicators and Methods. Euro-Mediterr J Environ Integr. 2017; 2(1): 1-8. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
4. Bridle H, Miller B, Desmulliez MPY. Application of Microfluidics in Waterborne Pathogen Monitoring: A Review. Water Res. 2014; 55: 256–71. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
5. Abdelzaher AM, Wright ME, Ortega C. Presence of Pathogens and Indicator Microbes at a Non-Point Source Subtropical Recreational Marine Beach. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010; 76(3): 724-32. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
6. Bedri Z, CorkeryA, O’Sullivan JJ, Deering LA, Demeter K, Meijer WG, et al. Evaluating a Microbial Water Quality Prediction Model for Beach Management under the Revised EU Bathing Water Directive. J Environ Manage. 2016; 167: 49 58. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
7. Cabral JPS. Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water. Int J Environ Res Publ Health. 2010; 7(10): 3657–703. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
8. Rochelle Newall E, Nguyen TMH, Le TPQ, Sengtaheuanghoung O, Ribolzi O. A Short Review of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Tropical Aquatic Ecosystems: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions. Front Microbiol. 2015; 6: 1–5. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
9. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal L. Available from: URL: 327, 22/12/2000 P. 0001 – 0073. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/60/oj [Article]
10. Gerba CP. Virus Occurrence and Survival in Environ-Mental Waters. In Human Viruses in Watered. Bosch, A. 2007; 17: 91–108. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
11. World Health Organization. Surveillance and Control of Community Supplies. In Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1997. [Article]
12. Meays CL, Broersma K, Nordin R, Mazumder A. Source Tracking Fecal Bacteria in Water: A Critical Review of Current Methods. J Environ Manag. 2004; 7: 71–9. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
13. USEPA. Method 1600 –Enterococci in Water by Membrane Filtration Using Membrane-Enterococcus Indoxyl--D-Glucoside Agar (mEI). EPA-821-R-02-022. Washington DC. Available from: URL: 2002. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/201508/documents/method_1600_2009.pdf [Article]
14. 9222 Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group”, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2009. Available from: URL: https://www.standardmethods.org/doi/10.2105/SMWW.2882.193. [Article]
15. Brinks MV, Dwight RH, Osgood ND, Sharavanakumar G, Turbow DJ, El Gohary M, et al. Health Risk of bathing in Southern California Coastal Waters. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2008; 63: 123 35. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
16. Andraus S, Pimentel IC, Dionísio JA. Microbiological Monitoring of Sea Water and Sand of Beaches Matinhos, Caioba e Guaratuba-PR, Brazil. Estud Biol. 2014; 36. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
17. Pond KR, Cronin AA, Pedley S. Recreational Water Quality in the Caspian Sea. J Water Health. 2005; 3: 129 38. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
18. World Health Organization. Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 1, Coastal and fresh waters. WHO. 2003. Available from: URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/ 10665/42591. [Google Scholar]
19. Anderson KL, Whitlock JE, Harwood VJ. Persistence and Differential Survival of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Subtropical Waters and Sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005; 71(6): 3041 –8. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
20. Cordero L, Norat J, Mattei H, Nazario C. Seasonal Variations in the Risk of Gastrointestinal Illness on a Tropical Recreational Beach. Water Health. 2012; 10(4): 579-93. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
21. Doreen N, Okot-Okumu J, Muyodi FJ. Microbial Safety Assessment of Recreation Water at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. African J Environ Sci Technol. 2015; 9(10): 773-82. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
22. Fujioka RS, Solo Gabriele HM, Byappanahalli MN, Kirs M. US Recreational Water Quality Criteria: A Vision for the Future. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015; 12(7): 7752–76. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
23. King AM. Relationships between Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Environmental Factors at Edgewater Beach. Honors Research Projects, the University of Akron: 2016. [Google Scholar]
24. Ho LC, Litton RM, Grant SB. Anthropogenic Currents and Shoreline Water Quality in Avalon Bay, California. Environ Sci Technol. 2011; 45(6): 2079-85. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
25. Allen J, Bruen M, Chawla R, Clark J, Masterson BF, Oconner PE. Microbial Pollution: River Catchment Studies in Ireland and Bathing. Water Compliance. Diffuse Pollution Conference Dublin 2003 ECSA 7 Mixing/Modelling. 2003.
26. Anderson KL, Whitlock JE, Harwood VJ. Persistence and Differential Survival of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Subtropical Waters and Sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005; 71(6): 3041 –8. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
© 2024 The Author(s)
