Wed, May 28, 2025
[Archive]
.png)
Volume 2, Issue 4 (9-2017)
jhehp 2017, 2(4): 201-211 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Olanreaju Clement A, Adeniyi Patrick A. Health Risk Ranking of Lead Contaminated Sites in Bagega Community, Zamfara State, Nigeria. jhehp 2017; 2 (4) :201-211
URL: http://jhehp.zums.ac.ir/article-1-127-en.html
URL: http://jhehp.zums.ac.ir/article-1-127-en.html
1- Department of Mining Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Abstract: (19761 Views)
Background: The release of lead dust during the processing of lead-gold ore has become an environmental threat. Therefore the protection of miners’ health and their environment required remediation which can be achieved by ranking the risk posed by lead in order to prioritize the allocation of resources during remediation.
Methods: Soil and water samples were collected at BRC, BRG, BVC, BPA and BFA; BWE, BBH and BPO using stratified random and grab sampling methods. Lead concentrations in the samples were determined using AAS while health risk index (HRI) via ingestion was estimated using USEPA equations. The ranking of HRI was done using Detailed Quantitative Risk Assessment while the difference between the HRI and USEPA standard were determined using one sample t test.
Results: The result showed that BRC/10, BRG/03, BVC/11, BPA/02 and BFA/08 were ranked highest in soil samples, while BWE/02, BBH/09 and BPO/04 were ranked highest in water samples as they posed elevated health risk effects to miners. One sample t test established that the BRC, BPA, BFA and BPO were significantly different from United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) standard.
Conclusion: The study discovered that the users of both the lead contaminated soil and water were seriously exposed to potential health risk. It therefore suggested that decision makers should give priority in allocating resources to those sites with elevated lead concentrations during the remediation.
Methods: Soil and water samples were collected at BRC, BRG, BVC, BPA and BFA; BWE, BBH and BPO using stratified random and grab sampling methods. Lead concentrations in the samples were determined using AAS while health risk index (HRI) via ingestion was estimated using USEPA equations. The ranking of HRI was done using Detailed Quantitative Risk Assessment while the difference between the HRI and USEPA standard were determined using one sample t test.
Results: The result showed that BRC/10, BRG/03, BVC/11, BPA/02 and BFA/08 were ranked highest in soil samples, while BWE/02, BBH/09 and BPO/04 were ranked highest in water samples as they posed elevated health risk effects to miners. One sample t test established that the BRC, BPA, BFA and BPO were significantly different from United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) standard.
Conclusion: The study discovered that the users of both the lead contaminated soil and water were seriously exposed to potential health risk. It therefore suggested that decision makers should give priority in allocating resources to those sites with elevated lead concentrations during the remediation.
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
Environmental Health, Sciences, and Engineering
Received: 2017/07/18 | Accepted: 2017/09/2 | Published: 2017/09/21
Received: 2017/07/18 | Accepted: 2017/09/2 | Published: 2017/09/21
References
1. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN. The Long-Term Effects of Exposure to Low Doses of Lead in Childhood: An 11-Year Follow-up Report. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322: 83-8. [Crossref]
2. Huimei S. An Evaluation of Different Risk Ranking Systems for Contaminated Sites. Univ Calgary. 2014; 1(27).
3. Dowling R, Caravanos J, Grigsby P, Rivera A, Ericson B, Amoyaw-Osei Y, et al. Estimating the Prevalence of Toxic Waste Sites in Low-and Middle-Income Countries. Ann Glob Healt. 2016; 82(5): 700-10. [Crossref]
4. Taiwo AM, Awomeso JA. Assessment of Trace Metal Concentration and Health Risk of Artisanal Gold Mining Activities in Ijeshaland, Osun State Nigeria— Part 1. J Geochem Explor. 2017; 177: 1-10. [Crossref]
5. Thiessen RJ, Achari G. A Comparison of 2008 National Classification System for Contaminated Sites scores to Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment Hazard Quotients. Can J Civil Eng. 2011; 38(7): 719-28.
6. Huimei S, Ron JT, Gopal A. An Evaluation of Different Risk Ranking Systems. J Environ Prot. 2013; 4: 78-86. [Crossref]
7. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume 1, Human Health Evaluation Manual, Part B, Development of Risk‐based Preliminary Remediation Goals. EPA; 1991. p. 928-57.
8. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SERA). Methods for Inventories of Contaminated Sites. Environ Qual Criteria Guid Data Collection, SERA. 2002. Available from: URL: http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/publikationer/620-5053-2.pdf.
9. Ministry for the Environment New Zealand (MENZ). Risk Screening System. Contaminated Land Management Guidelines No. 3, Wellington, MENZ. 2004. Available from: URL: http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/hazardous/contaminated-land-mgmt-guidelines-no3/contaminated-land-mgmt-guidelines-no3.pdf.
10. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). National Classification System for Contaminated Sites: Guidance Document. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg, CCME. 2008. Available from:URL:http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/pn_1403_ncscs_guidance_e.pdf.
11. Alaba OC, Opafunso ZO. Environmental Assessment of Lead Contaminated Site from Artisanal Gold Mining in Bagega Community, Nigeria. Arch Curr Res Int. 2016; 5(4): 1-9. [Crossref]
12. Dooyema CA, Neri A, Lo YC, Durant J, Dargan PI, Swarthout T. Outbreak of Fatal Childhood Lead Poisoning Related to Artisanal Gold Mining in Northwestern Nigeria. Environ Health Perspect. 2012; 120: 601-7. [Crossref]
13. Greig J, Thurtle N, Cooney L, Ariti C, Ahmed AO, Ashagre T. Association of Blood Lead Level with Neurological Features in 972 Children Affected by an Acute Severe Lead Poisoning Outbreak in Zamfara State, Northern Nigeria. PLoS One. 2014; 1-9. [Crossref]
14. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). Unprecedented Lead Poisoning Strikes Nigerian Villages. Lead Poisoned Children in Nigeria Requiring Immediate Treatment. Mines and Communities (MAC); 2010.
15. Thurtle N, Greig J, Cooney L, Amitai Y, Ariti C, Brown MJ. Description of 3,180 Courses of Chelation with Dimercaptosuccinic Acid in Children ≤5 years with Severe Lead Poisoning in Zamfara, Northern Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis of Programme Data. PLoS Med. 2014; 11(10): 1-18. [Crossref]
16. World Health Organization (WHO). Mass Lead Poisoning from Mining Activities, Zamfara State – Update 1. Geneva: WHO; 2011.
17. Plumlee GS, Durant JT, Suzette AM, Neri A, Wolf RE, Dooyema CA. Linking Geological and Health Sciences to Assess Childhood Lead Poisoning from Artisanal Gold mining in Nigeria. Environ Health Perspect. 2013; 121:744-50. [Crossref]
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Acute Lead Poisoning among Children aged <5 years—Zamfara, Nigeria. Nigeria: Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (MMWR); 2010.
19. Kids Health Organization (KHO). Lead Poisoning. Delaware: Nemours; 2015.
20. Adrienne MV. This is What Happens to Humans When they are exposed to Too Much Lead. Think Progress World News. 2016. Available from: URL: https://thinkprogress.org/this-is-what-happens-to-humans-when-they-are-exposed-to-too-much-lead-8cf5219993d4.
21. Von Lindern IH, Von Braun MC, Tirima S, Bartrem C. Zamfara, Nigeria Lead Poisoning Epidemic Emergency Environmental Response, May 2010–March 2011. USA: TerraGraphics Environ Eng, Inc; 2011.
22. Russ W. The Geology of Parts of Niger, Zaria and Sokoto Provinces. Geological Survey of Nigeria, Bulletin. 1957; 27-35.
23. United Nations Environment Program/Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNEP/OCHA). Lead Pollution and Poisoning Crisis: Environmental Emergency Response Mission, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Geneva: Joint UNEP/OCHA Environ Unit; 2010.
24. American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington: APHA; 2005.
25. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume 1 Human Health Evaluation Manual Part B. Development of Risk-Based Preliminary Remediation Goals. Washington: National Service Center for Environ Publications (NSCEP); 1992.
26. Health Canada. Federal Contaminated Site Risk Assessment in Canada, Part I: Guidance on Human Health. Canada: Government of Canada; 2004.
27. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Appendix A – Generic SSLs for the Residential and Commercial/industrial Scenarios. US EPA. 2010. Available from: URL: http://www.epa.gov/ / Superfund / Laws, Policies & Guidances / Key Policies & Guidances / Soil Screening Guidance / Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites, Appendix A-C.
28. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Region 9, Preliminary Remediation Goals. USEPA. 2002. Available from:URL:http//www.epa.Gov/region09/waste/sfund/prg/.
29. Udiba UU, Ogabiela, EE, Hammuel C, Ade-Ajayi AF, Odey MO, Yusuf U, Abdullahi, et al. Assessment of Some Environmental Pollutants in Soil, Dareta Village, Zamfara, Nigeria. Trends in Adv Sci Eng. 2012; 5(1): 27-37.
30. Enyinna PI, Nte FU. Estimation of Soil Hazard Quotient of Some Identified Heavy Metals from an Abandoned Municipal Waste Disposal Site in Aba, Nigeria. J Nat Sci Res. 2013; 3(8): 89-93.
31. Abdulkareem JH, Abdulkadir A, Abdu N. Vertical Distribution of Lead (Pb) in Farmlands around Contaminated Gold-Mine in Zamfara State, Northern Nigeria. Afr J Agric Res. 2015; 10(53): 4975 -89. [Crossref]
32. Uriah L, Kenneth T, Rhoda G, Ayuba M. Lead and Mercury Contamination Associated with Artisanal Gold Mining in Anka, Zamfara State, North Western Nigeria: The Continued Unabated Zamfara Lead Poisoning. J Earth Sci Eng. 2013; 764-74.
33. Zango MS, Anim-Gyampo M, Ampadu, B. Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Selected Food Crops Cultivated in Small-Scale Gold-Mining Areas in Wassa-Amenfi-West District of Ghana. J Nat Sci Res. 2013; 3(5): 96-105.
34. Hung-Yu L, Zeng-Yei H, Ting-Chien C, Bo-Ching C, Horng-Yuh G, Zueng-Sang C. HealthRisk-Based Assessment and Management of Heavy Metals-Contaminated Soil Sites in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010; 7: 3595-3614. [Crossref]
35. Gebrekidan M, Samuel Z. Concentration of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water from Urban Areas of the Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. MEJS. 2011; 3 (1): 105-121.
36. Adah CA, Abah J, Ubwa ST, Ekele S. Soil Availability and Uptake of Some Heavy Metals by Three Staple Vegetables Commonly Cultivated along the South Bank of River Benue, Makurdi, Nigeria. Int J Environ Bioenergy. 2013; 8(2): 56-67.
37. Adu AA, Aderinola OJ, Kusemiju V. Heavy Metals Concentration in Garden Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Grown Along Badagry Expressway, Lagos, Nigeria. Transnatl J Sci Technol. 2012; 2(7): 115-30.
38. Salem HM, Eweida EA, Farag A. Heavy Metals in Drinking Water and their Environmental Impact on Human Health. Int Conference on the Environ Hazards Mitigation, Cairo Univ Egypt. 2000; 542- 56.
39. Gržetić I, Ghariani RHA. Potential Health Risk Assessment for Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in the Central Zone of Belgrade (Serbia). J Serb Chem Soc. 2008; 73(8-9): 923-34. [Crossref]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
© 2024 The Author(s)
